Haemovigilance survey and screening strategy for arthropod-borne viruses in blood donors from Argentina.

Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) count among emerging infections, which represent a major challenge for transfusion safety worldwide. To assess the risk of arboviruses-transmission by transfusion (ATT), we performed a survey to evaluate the potential threat for transfusion safety. Samples were retrospectively and randomly collected from donors who donated during the peak of dengue incidence in Cordoba (years: 2016 and 2019-2022). A cost-efficient strategy for molecular screening was implemented with a nucleic acid test (NAT) configured with Flavivirus and Alphavirus-universal degenerated primers targeting conserved gene regions. Besides, we evaluated the neutralizing antibody (NAb) prevalence by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). A total of 1438 samples were collected. Among the NAT-screened samples, one resulted positive for Flavivirus detection. Subsequent sequencing of the PCR product revealed Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus (SLEV) infection (GeneBank accession number OR236721). NAb prevalence was 2.95% for anti-Dengue, 9.94% anti-SLEV, 1.09% anti-West Nile Virus, and 0% anti-Chikungunya. One of the NAb-positive samples also resulted positive for IgM against SLEV but negative by ARN detection. This is the first haemovigilance study developed in Argentina that evaluates the potential risk of ATT and the first research to determine the prevalence of NAb against Flavivirus through PNRT to avoid possible cross-reactions between Ab against Flavivirus. Herein, the finding of one SLEV-viremic donor and the detection of anti-SLEV IgM in a different donor demonstrated a potential threat for transfusion safety and emphasized the need for increased vigilance and proactive measures to ensure the safety of blood supplies.

Neurodegenerative disease in association with sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 subtype b in Argentina.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to show that human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) infection produces symptoms resembling those described for HTLV-1-associated myeloneuropathy and to highlight the role of sexual transmission in the silent dissemination of HTLV-2. METHODS: Patient samples were tested by particle agglutination and indirect immunofluorescence assay. The HTLV type was defined by molecular techniques. Nucleotide sequence analysis of HTLV-2 long terminal repeat region, T cell CD3/CD4 and T cell CD3/CD8 counts and typing of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles A, B, C and DRB1 were also performed. RESULTS: HTLV-2 subtype b infection was confirmed in two blood donors and their sexual partners. Two patients exhibited distinctive signs and symptoms of progressive neurological disease. Three infected patients carried HLA-C*04. Both patients with neurological disease also carried HLA-A*31 and HLA-DRB1*07 alleles. CONCLUSIONS: Herein we describe for the first time sexual transmission of HTLV-2 in a non-endemic region of Argentina, highlighting the relevance of this transmission route in HTLV-2 silent dissemination out of the clusters of endemicity. We also provide evidence that HTLV-2 infection causes symptoms resembling those described for HTLV-1-associated myeloneuropathy. The evidence presented herein points to the critical need for public health strategies to reduce the spread of this neglected infection.

The extent of infectious SARS-CoV-2 shedding in an Argentinean cohort.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the infectious extent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) in different settings where prevention strategies are critical to limit infection spread, we evaluated SARS-COV-2 viability to guide public health policies regarding isolation criteria and infection control. METHODS: We attempted viral isolation in 82 nasopharyngeal swabs from 72 patients with confirmed SARS-COV-2 infection. Study population was divided into four groups: (i) Patients during the first week of symptoms; (ii) Patients with prolonged positive PCR; (iii) Healthcare workers from a hospital participating of an outbreak investigation, with SARS-COV-2 infection confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and (iv) Recipients of convalescent immune plasma (CIP).Vero Cl76 cell-line (ATCC CRL-587) was used in assays for virus isolation. Plasma samples of CIP recipients were also tested with plaque-reduction neutralization test. RESULTS: We obtained infectious SARS-COV-2 isolates from 15/84 nasopharyngeal swabs. The virus could not be isolated from upper respiratory tract samples collected 10-day after onset of symptoms (AOS) in patients with mild-moderate disease. CONCLUSION: The knowledge of the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity AOS is relevant for effective prevention measures. This allows to discuss criteria for end isolation despite persistence of positive PCR and improve timing for hospital discharge with consequent availability of critical beds.

Human T-Lymphotropic virus type 1 infection in absence of tax gene: A challenge for molecular diagnosis.

This is the first report of HTLV-1 infection without detectable tax gene. Even though the tax gene of HTLV-1 presents high genetic stability, in the case presented here no sequence of tax was detected by three different and widely used molecular assays targeting several sequences of the gene. Nevertheless, HTLV-1 pol and env genes and LTR region were properly detectable. Several PCRs targeting tax sequences have been developed and largely used for molecular diagnosis of HTLV infection since the tax gene of HTLV-1 is known to be well preserved and intolerant to changes or mutations. In the case reported here, molecular detection of the virus was challenging. HTLV prevalence is complex and in many regions remains unknown. The identification of HTLV-infected individuals is important to determine its actual prevalence and design strategies to reduce viral spread. The finding and communication of HTLV-1 defective-provirus strains is important and necessary to guide the selection of representative target sequences on HTLV genome to design molecular assays, highlighting that different sequences should be combined to ensure adequate diagnosis. The latter is especially relevant in cases when discordant results between serological and molecular assays. This report contributes to the knowledge of the overall molecular epidemiology of HTLV-1 and encourages the need of surveillance of HTLV-1 "missed tax gene profiles" and the evaluation of the impact of these defective viral variants on molecular diagnosis and human health.

Gender-neutral donor deferral policies: experience in Argentina implementing individual risk-assessment policies.

BACKGROUND: In Argentina, with the aim of moving to a safe supportive and inclusive National Blood System, in September 2015 the Ministry of Health stipulated that eligibility criteria for blood donation should only take into account the so-called 'risk practices', focusing on a 'gender-neutral' policy. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the impact of such regulation on the prevalence of STI in the population of blood donors in Argentina, through the analysis of the scientific evidence obtained from 174 074 donors from a large central region of the country, focused on a regional Blood Bank for a 6-year period (pre- and post-entry into force of the regulations). MATERIALS AND METHODS: To analyse the evolution of prevalence rates of STI, two periods of 3 years each were evaluated: The first period (P1) lasted from 16 September 2012 to 15 September 2015 (prior to the entry into force of the law) and the second one (P2) from 16 September 2015 to 15 September 2018 (after the entry into force of the law). RESULTS: A total of 82 838 subjects were enrolled in P1 and 91 236 in P2. The results show a significantly lower prevalence of HCV (P = 0·029), HBV (P = 0·028) and syphilis (P = 0·001) in P2, while no difference was observed for HIV infection (P = 0·60). CONCLUSION: This study evidenced that the implementation of a 'gender-neutral' policy based on individual risk-assessment deferral criteria maintained the safety of blood supply and decreased the prevalence of STI among blood donors.

Usefulness of Non-Invasive Fetal RHD Genotyping towards Immunoprophylaxis Optimization.

Introduction: Since anti-D immunoprophylaxis given to D-negative pregnant women is a blood product, blood donations have an impact on the availability of prophylactic doses. The Pan American Health Organization reported, in June 2017, that less than half of blood donors are volunteers in Latin America and the Caribbean. In these countries, guidelines for use of anti-D prophylaxis are still controversial. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the convenience of a simple and cost-effectivene non-invasive prenatal diagnostic assay for anti-D prophylaxis optimization in multiethnic populations. Methods: Cell-free fetal DNA from plasma samples of D-negative pregnant women were analyzed by real-time PCR for simultaneous amplification of sequences of exons 5 and 10 of the RHD gene. Fetal RHD genotype was determined in 111 pregnant women. Neonates' phenotype was determined 72 h after birth. Results: Genotyping predicted fetal phenotype with 100% accuracy. Prenatal diagnosis showed 78% RHD-positive and 22% RHD-negative neonates. Conclusion: We demonstrated that, beyond the large genetic variation of the Rh system and the numerous D variants present in multiethnic groups, non-invasive fetal RHD genotyping using two sequences of the gene can be enough for clinical application in an admixed population. This robust technique of simple implementation allows to determine fetal RHD in maternal blood with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. The introduction of fetal RhD genotyping as part of an antenatal screening program constitutes a reliable manner to optimize anti-D prophylaxis; however, it has not been implemented so far in most American countries.

Usefulness of nucleic acid testing to reduce risk of hepatitis B virus transfusion-transmitted infection in Argentina: high rate of recent infections.

BACKGROUND: Results from 10-year experience using nucleic acid test (NAT) screening in a blood bank of Córdoba are presented, showing the first data on prevalence of recent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections and occult HBV infections (OBIs) in Argentina. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Molecular screening was performed by COBAS AmpliScreen human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) test Version 1.5 and COBAS AmpliScreen hepatitis C virus (HCV) test Version 2.0 and COBAS TaqScreen MPX and MPX Version 2.0 test (Roche Molecular Systems). To characterize OBI, additional molecular and serologic assays were performed. RESULTS: As results of NAT, 0.075% of the donors (155/205,388) tested positive for HIV, 0.05% (106/205,388) for HCV, and 0.045% (76/168,215) for HBV. Donors who tested positive for HIV or HCV by NAT were also positive by serology. There was one of 33,643 donors recently infected with HBV. At time of donation, six of 76 (7.9%) donors with confirmed HBV infection presented virologic and serologic profiles consistent with OBI. By additional studies three were OBI, two were window period infections, and one remained unclassified. CONCLUSION: NAT contributed significantly to the reduction of the potential risk of HBV transmission with a frequency of one in 56,072, detecting three in 168,215 donors without serologic evidence of infection. NAT also detected three in 168,215 OBIs. The finding of high frequency of recent infections (1/33,643), unexpected for this country, highlights the need of promoting unified effective regulations that enforce the use of NAT in all blood banks in Argentina and points out the importance of assessing the risk of HBV transmission in blood banks of other countries considered to be low-endemic.

Propuesta de un algoritmo alternativo con pruebas complementarias en donantes con resultados reactivos en pruebas de tamizaje para HIV / HIV screening test. An alternative algorithm of complementary tests in seroactive donors

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la experiencia del Banco de Sangre de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba con el uso de equipos de 4ª generación en el screening de HIV y la valoración de la eficiencia del mismo utilizando diferentes técnicas serológicas y PCR. Además se propone un algoritmo para ser implementado en bancos de sangre con el fin de minimizar el descarte de bolsas y aclarar el status para HIV en los donantes con screening inicial reactivo. De 3822 donantes de sangre procesados por HIV Ag/Ac Combination ABBOTT Murex se descartaron 30 unidades de sangre repetidamente reactivas y repetidamente en zona gris, de las cuales solamente en 2 se confirmó infección por HIV. Las 30 muestras fueron procesadas por las siguientes técnicas: Murex HIV-1.2.0 ABBOT Murex (EIE), Murex HIV Antigen Mab ABBOTT Murex (EIE), Microelisa system Vironostika HIV Uni- Form II plus O BIOMÉRIEUX, SFD HIV 1/2 PA BIORAD FUJIREBIO (aglutinación de partículas de gelatina o APG), NEW LAV BLOT I BIO-RAD (Western Blot o WB), IFI-HIV-1-BIO-MANGUINHOS y PCR "in house". La detección de anticuerpos (3ª generación) y del antígeno p24 por separado con el reactivo ABBOTT Murex resultó en 10 muestras repetidamente reactivas y en zona gris para los anticuerpos y 1 repetidamente reactiva para el antígeno. Por Western blot, de las 30 muestras 2 fueron positivas, 6 negativas y 22 indeterminadas. Con el ensayo de 4ª generación utilizado hubo 0,73 por ciento de falsos positivos lo que determinó un descarte innecesario de unidades de sangre y un estado de incertidumbre para el donante. La PCR fue de gran utilidad para resolver el diagnóstico en donantes con resultados discordantes por los inmunoensayos. Consideramos que la estrategia propuesta resulta útil hasta que sea posible la incorporación de NAT para el screening de HIV en nuestros bancos de sangre.

Propuesta de un algoritmo alternativo con pruebas complementarias en donantes con resultados reactivos en pruebas de tamizaje para HIV / HIV screening test. An alternative algorithm of complementary tests in seroactive donors

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la experiencia del Banco de Sangre de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba con el uso de equipos de 4¬ generación en el screening de HIV y la valoración de la eficiencia del mismo utilizando diferentes técnicas serológicas y PCR. Además se propone un algoritmo para ser implementado en bancos de sangre con el fin de minimizar el descarte de bolsas y aclarar el status para HIV en los donantes con screening inicial reactivo. De 3822 donantes de sangre procesados por HIV Ag/Ac Combination ABBOTT Murex se descartaron 30 unidades de sangre repetidamente reactivas y repetidamente en zona gris, de las cuales solamente en 2 se confirmó infección por HIV. Las 30 muestras fueron procesadas por las siguientes técnicas: Murex HIV-1.2.0 ABBOT Murex (EIE), Murex HIV Antigen Mab ABBOTT Murex (EIE), Microelisa system Vironostika HIV Uni- Form II plus O BIOMERIEUX, SFD HIV 1/2 PA BIORAD FUJIREBIO (aglutinación de partículas de gelatina o APG), NEW LAV BLOT I BIO-RAD (Western Blot o WB), IFI-HIV-1-BIO-MANGUINHOS y PCR "in house". La detección de anticuerpos (3¬ generación) y del antígeno p24 por separado con el reactivo ABBOTT Murex resultó en 10 muestras repetidamente reactivas y en zona gris para los anticuerpos y 1 repetidamente reactiva para el antígeno. Por Western blot, de las 30 muestras 2 fueron positivas, 6 negativas y 22 indeterminadas. Con el ensayo de 4¬ generación utilizado hubo 0,73 por ciento de falsos positivos lo que determinó un descarte innecesario de unidades de sangre y un estado de incertidumbre para el donante. La PCR fue de gran utilidad para resolver el diagnóstico en donantes con resultados discordantes por los inmunoensayos. Consideramos que la estrategia propuesta resulta útil hasta que sea posible la incorporación de NAT para el screening de HIV en nuestros bancos de sangre. (AU)